The neural 'address' where you remember a phone number, for instance, is different from the one where you remember a face, and recalling a famous face involves different circuits than remembering your best friend's. In the past decade especially, advanced technologies for capturing a snapshot of the brain in action have confirmed that discrete functions occur in specific locations. Though absurdly unscientific even for its time, phrenology was remarkably prescient-up to a point. Plaster casts of the heads of executed criminals were examined and compared to a reference head to determine whether any particular protuberances could be reliably associated with criminal behavior. Early 19th-century phrenologists pushed this notion in a quaint direction, proposing that personality proclivities could be deduced by feeling the bumps on a person's skull, which were caused by the brain 'pushing out' in places where it was particularly well developed. Cartesian 'dualism' exerted a powerful influence over Western science for centuries, and while dismissed by most neuroscientists today, still feeds the popular belief in mind as a magical, transcendent quality.Ī contemporary of Descartes named Thomas Willis-often referred to as the father of neurology-was the first to suggest that not only was the brain itself the locus of the mind, but that different parts of the brain give rise to specific cognitive functions. As late as 1662, philosopher Henry More scoffed that the brain showed 'no more capacity for thought than a cake of suet, or a bowl of curds.'Īround the same time, French philosopher René Descartes codified the separation of conscious thought from the physical flesh of the brain. Even when consensus for the locus of thought moved northward into the head, it was not the brain that was believed to be the sine qua non, but the empty spaces within it, called ventricles, where ephemeral spirits swirled about. They believed consciousness resided in the heart, a view shared by Aristotle and a legacy of medieval thinkers.

The ancient Egyptians thought so little of brain matter they made a practice of scooping it out through the nose of a dead leader before packing the skull with cloth before burial.

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